CASE DIGEST: Davao New Town vs. Saliga
G.R. No. 174588 : DECEMBER 11, 2013
DAVAO NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Petitioner, v . SPOUSES GLORIA ESPINO SALIGA AND CESAR SALIGA, AND SPOUSES DEMETRIO EHARA AND ROBERTA EHARA, Respondents
BRION, J.:
FACTS:
At the root of the present controversy are two parcels of land in Catalunan Peque, Davao City and originally registered in the name of Atty. Eugenio Mendiola (deceased).
On February 5, 1998, the respondents - spouses Gloria Espino Saliga and Cesar Saliga and spouses Demetrio Ehara and Roberta Sugue Ehara filed before the Office of the PARAD in Davao City a complaint for injunction, cancellation of titles and damages against DNTDC. They amended this complaint on February 13, 1998.
In their complaint and amended complaint, the respondents claimed that they and their parents, from whom they took over the cultivation of the landholding, had been tenants of the property as early as 1965. On August 12, 1981, the respondents and Eugenio executed a five-year lease contract. While they made stipulations regarding their respective rights and obligations over the landholding, the respondents claimed that the instrument was actually a device Eugenio used to evade the land reform law. The respondents also argued that pursuant to the provisions of Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 27, they, as tenants, were deemed owners of the property beginning October 21, 1972 (the Acts effectivity date); thus, the subsequent transfer of the property to DNTDC was not valid.
In its answer, DNTDC alleged in defense that it purchased the property in good faith from the previous owners (Paz M. Flores and Elizabeth M. Nepumuceno) in 1995. At that time, the alleged tenancy relationship between the respondents and Eugenio had already expired following the expiration of their lease contracts in 1986. DNTDC also claimed that prior to the sale, the Davao City Office of the Zoning Administrator confirmed that the property was not classified as agricultural; it pointed out that the affidavit of non-tenancy executed by the vendors affirmed the absence of any recognized agricultural lessees on the property. DNTDC added that the property had already been classified to be within an urban/urbanizing zone in the 1979-2000 Comprehensive Land Use Plan for Davao City that was duly adopted by the City Council of Davao City and approved by the Human Settlement Regulatory Commission (HSRC) (now the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board [HLURB]).
In its decision of July 6, 1998, the PARAD ordered the DNTDC to pay the spouses disturbance compensation and a small lot allocation. While the PARAD conceded that the respondents were tenants of the property, it nevertheless ruled that the property had already been reclassified from agricultural to non-agricultural uses prior to June 15, 1988, the date when Republic Act (R.A.) No. 6657 (the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988) took effect. Thus, since R.A. No. 6657 covers only agricultural lands, the property fell outside its coverage.
The respondents appealed the case to the DARAB.
Pending resolution of the appeal before the DARAB, DNTDC filed before the Municipal Trial Court in Cities(MTCC) of Davao City a complaint for unlawful detainer against Demetrio Ehara, Jr., Reynaldo Saliga and Liza Saliga, the children of respondent spouses Ehara and spouses Saliga. DNTDC claimed that it owned the 2.5574-hectare portion of the property which the respondents children had been occupying by its mere tolerance. Despite its repeated demands, the respondents children refused to vacate and continued to illegally occupy it.
In their answer, the respondents children raised the issue of lack of jurisdiction, arguing that the case involved an agrarian dispute. They contended that the law considers them immediate members of the farm household, to whom R.A. No. 3844 and R.A. No. 6657 extend tenurial security. Thus, they claimed that they, as tenants, were entitled to continue occupying the disputed portion.
On December 20, 2000, the MTCC rendered its decision granting the DNTDCs complaint and ordering the respondents children to vacate the 2.5574-hectare portion of the property. The MTCC ruled that the respondents children were not tenants of the property because they failed to prove that their stay on the premises was by virtue of a tenancy agreement and because they had been occupying portions different from their parents landholding. The MTCC also ruled that the 2.5574- hectare portion was no longer agricultural and was thus removed from the coverage of R.A. No. 6657.
The respondent children filed before the RTC a petition for Prohibition against DNTDC to enjoin the execution of the MTCC decision. They repeated the defenses and allegations in their pleading before the MTCC.
On November 29, 2001, the respondents children and DNTDC entered into a compromise agreement. The respondents children undertook to voluntarily and peacefully vacate the 2.5574 -hectare portion of the property and to remove and demolish their respective houses built on its premises, while DNTDC agreed to give each of them the amount of ₱20,000.00 as financial assistance The RTC approved the compromiseagreement in its December 7, 2001 decision.
In its decision of January 12, 2001, the DARAB reversed and set aside the PARADs ruling. The DARAB ordered DNTDC and all persons acting in its behalf to respect and maintain the respondents in the peaceful possession and cultivation of the property, and the Municipal Agrarian Reform Officer (MARO) to enjoin the DNTDC from disturbing and/or molesting the respondents in their peaceful possession and cultivation of it.
As the PARAD did, the DARAB declared that a tenancy relationship existed between Eugenio and the respondents, which was not extinguished by the expiration of the five-year term stated in their lease contracts. Thus, when DNTDC purchased the property, it had been subrogated to the rights and obligations of the previous landowner pursuant to the provisions of R.A. No. 3844.
Unlike the PARAD, however, the DARAB was not convinced that the property had already been reclassified to non-agricultural uses so as to remove it from the coverage of R.A. No. 6657. With Administrative Order No. 5, series of 1994 as basis, the DARAB held that the alleged reclassification of the property did not and could not have divested the respondents of their rights as deemed owners under P.D. No. 27. The DARAB also pointed out that while Davao City Ordinance No. 363, series of 1982 (adopting the Comprehensive Development Plan of Davao City), reclassified the property to be within the urban/urbanizing zone, the DNTDC did not submit the required certifications from the HLURB, adopting the zoning ordinance, and from the DAR, approving the conversion to make the reclassification valid.
When the DARAB denied the DNTDCs motion for reconsideration in its August 28, 2003 resolution, the DNTDC elevated the case to the CA via a petition for review.
In its March 28, 2006 decision, the CA affirmed the DARAB decision. The CA similarly declared that the tenancy relationship established between the respondents and Eugenio was not extinguished by the expiration of the five-year term of their lease contracts or by the subsequent transfer of the property to DNTDC. The CA noted that both the DARAB and the PARAD arrived at the same findings and that the DNTDC impliedly admitted in its pleadings the existence of the tenancy relationship.
The CA was also convinced that the property was still agricultural and was, therefore, covered by R.A. No. 6657. While the CA conceded that the conversion of the use of lands that had been reclassified as residential, commercial or industrial, prior to the effectivity of R.A. No. 6657, no longer requires the DARs approval, the CA pointed out that the landowner must first comply with certain pre-conditions for exemption and/or conversion. Among other requirements, the landowner must secure an exemption clearance from the DAR. This exemption clearance shall be issued after the landowner files the certifications issued by the deputized zoning administrator, stating that the land had been reclassified, and by the HLURB, stating that it had approved the pertinent zoning ordinance, with both the reclassification and the approval carried out prior to June 15, 1988.
In this case, the CA held that DNTDC failed to secure and present any exemption clearance. The CA also pointed out that: (1) Davao City Ordinance No. 363, series of 1982, adopting the Comprehensive Development Plan of Davao City did not substantially show that it had reclassified the property from agricultural to non-agricultural uses; (2) DNTDC failed to submit during the proceedings before the PARAD and the DARAB the HLURB certification allegedly approving Davao City Ordinance No. 363, series of 1982; (3) while DNTDC attached to its motion for reconsideration of the DARABs decision a certification from the HLURB stating that by resolution (Resolution No. R-39 -4) dated July 31, 1980, it approved the Comprehensive Development Plan, yet at the time of the alleged HLURB approval, the pertinent zoning ordinance - Davao City Ordinance No. 363, series of 1982 - adopting such plan had not yet been enacted; and (4) the HLURB certification that DNTDC presented referred to a parcel of land subject of another case.
DNTDC filed the present petition after the CA denied its motion for reconsideration in the CAs September 5, 2006 resolution. Hence, the present petition.
ISSUES:
1. Whether or not the property had been reclassified from agricultural to non- agricultural uses prior to June 15, 1988 so as to remove it from the coverage of R.A. No. 6657?
2. Whether or not an agricultural leasehold or tenancy relationship exists between DNTDC and the respondents?
3. Whether or not the compromise agreement signed by the respondents children in the RTC case binds the respondents?
HELD: Court of Appeals decision is reversed.
REMEDIAL LAW: questions allowed in a Rule 45 petition
At the outset, we reiterate the settled rule that only questions of law may be raised in a petition for review oncertiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court. Questions of facts are not allowed in a Rule 45 petition because this Court is not a trier of facts. The Court generally accords respect, if not finality, to the factual findings of quasi-judicial bodies, among them is the DARAB, as these bodies are deemed experts in their respective fields. The question of the existence of a tenancy relationship intertwined with the question of reclassification requires for its resolution a review of the factual findings of the agricultural tribunals and of the CA. These are questions we cannot generally touch in a Rule 45 petition.
Nevertheless, the case also presents a legal question as the issue of tenancy relationship is both factual and legal. Moreover, the findings of the PARAD conflict with those of the DARAB. These circumstances impel us to disregard the above general rule and to address both the presented factual and legal issues in view of their social justice implications and the duty to do justice that this Court has sworn to uphold.
CIVIL LAW: classification of property under RA 6657
At the core of the controversy is the questioned reclassification of the property to non-agricultural uses. This issue is intertwined with and on which depends the resolution of the issue concerning the claimed agricultural leasehold relationship.
We hold that the property had been reclassified to non-agricultural uses and was, therefore, already outside the coverage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) after it took effect on July 15, 1988.
Also, there is the power of the local government units to reclassify lands from agricultural to non-agricultural uses; the DAR approval is not required.
Indubitably, the City Council of Davao City has the authority to adopt zoning resolutions and ordinances. Under Section 3 of R.A. No. 2264 (the then governing Local Government Code), municipal and/or city officials are specifically empowered to adopt zoning and subdivision ordinances or regulations in consultation with the National Planning Commission.
In Pasong Bayabas Farmers Asso., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, the Court held that this power of the local government units to reclassify or convert lands to non-agricultural uses is not subject to the approval of the DAR. There, the Court affirmed the authority of the Municipal Council of Carmona to issue a zoning classification and to reclassify the property in dispute from agricultural to residential through the CouncilsKapasiyahang Bilang, as approved by the HSRC.
In the subsequent case of Junio v. Secretary Garilao , this Court clarified, once and for all, that with respect to areas classified and identified as zonal areas not for agricultural uses, like those approved by the HSRC before the effectivity of RA 6657 on June 15, 1988, the DARs clearance is no longer necessary for conversion. The Court in that case declared the disputed landholding as validly reclassified from agricultural to residential pursuant to Resolution No. 5153-A of the City Council of Bacolod.
Citing the cases of Pasong Bayabas Farmers Asso., Inc. and Junio, this Court arrived at significantly similar ruling in the case of Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Association (ARBA) v. Nicolas.
Based on these considerations, we hold that the property had been validly reclassified as non-agricultural land prior to June 15, 1988. We note the following facts established in the records that support this conclusion such as the comprehensive land use plan passed through a board resolution in 1980.
We note that while the DNTDC attached, to its motion for reconsideration of the DARABs decision, the May 2, 1996 certification of the HLURB, both the DARAB and the CA simply brushed this aside on technicality. The CA reasoned that the certificate was belatedly presented and that it referred to a parcel of lot subject of another case, albeit, similarly involving DNTDC, as one of the parties, and property located within the same district.
We cannot support this position of the CA for the following reasons: first, while, generally, evidence submitted past the presentation- of-evidence stage is no longer admissible and should be disregarded for reasons of fairness, strict application of this general rule may be relaxed. By way of exception, we relax the application of the rules when, as here, the merits of the case call for, and the governing rules of procedure explicitly command, a relaxation. Under Section 3, Rule I of the 1994 DARAB New Rules of Procedure (the governing DARAB rules), the DARAB shall not be bound by technical rules of procedure and evidence provided under the Rules of Court, which shall not apply even in a suppletory character, and shall employ all reasonable means to ascertain facts of every case.
Time and again, this Court has held that rules of procedure ought not to be applied in a very rigid, technical sense, for they are adopted to help secure, not override, substantial justice. Thus, while DNTDC, in this case, attached the May 2, 1996 HLURB certification only in its motion for reconsideration, the DARAB should have considered it, especially in the light of the various documents that DNTDC presented to support its position that the property had already been reclassified as non-agricultural land prior to June 15, 1988.
And second, granting arguendo that the May 2, 1996 HLURB certification was issued in relation to another case that involved a different parcel of land, it is not without value. The clear-cut declarations of the HLURB in the certification, which the DARAB and the CA should have considered and which we find sufficiently convincing, show that Catalunan Peque (where the property lies) is classified as within the urbanizing district centers of Davao City. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the May 2, 1996 HLURB certification satisfied the purpose of this requirement, which is to establish by sufficient evidence the propertys reclassification as non-agricultural land prior to June 15, 1988.
Considering that the property is no longer agricultural as of June 15, 1988, it is removed from the operation of R.A. No. 6657. By express provision, the CARL covers only those public or private lands devoted or suitable for agriculture, the operative word being agricultural. Under Section 3(c) of R.A. No. 6657, agricultural lands refer to lands devoted to agricultural activity and not otherwise classified as mineral, forest, residential, commercial, or industrial land. In its Administrative Order No. 1, series of 1990, the DAR further explained the term agricultural lands as referring to those devoted to agricultural activity as defined in R.A. 6657 and x x x not classified in town plans and zoning ordinances as approved by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) and its preceding competent authorities prior to 15 June 1988 for residential, commercial or industrial use. If only to emphasize, we reiterate - only those parcels of land specifically classified as agricultural are covered by the CARL; any parcel of land otherwise classified is beyond its ambit.
CIVIL LAW: requisites to own land under P.D. 27
Under P.D. No. 27, tenant-farmers of rice and corn agricultural lands are deemed owners of the land that they till as of October 21, 1972. Under these terms, vested rights cannot simply be taken away by the expedience of adopting zoning plans and ordinances reclassifying an agricultural land to an urban/urbanizing area.
We need to clarify, however, that while tenant farmers of rice and corn lands are deemed owners as of October 21, 1972 following the provisions of P.D. No. 27, this policy should not be interpreted as automatically vesting in them absolute ownership over their respective tillage. The tenant-farmers must still first comply with the requisite preconditions, i.e., payment of just compensation and perfection of title before acquisition of full ownership.
In Del Castillo v. Orciga, the Court explained that land transfer under P.D. No. 27 is effected in two (2) stages: first, the issuance of a certificate of land transfer (CLT); and second, the issuance of an emancipation patent (EP). The first stage - issuance of the CLT - serves as the governments recognition of the tenant farmers inchoate right as deemed owners of the land that they till. The second stage issuance of the EP perfects the title of the tenant farmers and vests in them absolute ownership upon full compliance with the prescribed requirements. As a preliminary step, therefore, the CLT immediately serves as the tangible evidence of the governments recognition of the tenant farmers inchoate right and of the subjection of the particular landholding to the governments OLT program.
In this case, the record does not show that the respondents had been issued CLTs. The CLT could have been their best evidence of the governments recognition of their inchoate right as deemed owners of the property. Consequently, this Court can safely conclude that no CLTs had ever been issued to the respondents and that the government never recognized any inchoate right on the part of the respondents as deemed owners of the property. In effect, therefore, no vested rights under P.D. No. 27, in relation to R.A. No. 6657, accrued to the respondents such that when the property was reclassified prior to June 15, 1988, it did not fall, by clear legal recognition within the coverage of R.A. No. 6657.
Interestingly, the contract of lease executed between Eugenio and the respondents shows that the property was primarily planted with coconut and coffee trees and, secondarily with several fruit-bearing trees. By its explicit terms, P.D. No. 27 applies only to private agricultural lands primarily devoted to rice and corn production. Thus, the property could never have been covered by P.D. No. 27 as it was not classified as rice and corn land.
For these reasons, we hold that the property is no longer agricultural and that the CA erred when it affirmed the DARABs ruling that the property notwithstanding the various documents that unquestionably established the contrary was agricultural .
CIVIL LAW: tenancy relationship requisites/ no tenancy in non-agricultural land
In Solmayor v. Arroyo, the Court outlined the essential requisites of a tenancy relationship, all of which must concur for the relationship to exist, namely:
1. The parties are the landowner and the tenant;
2. The subject is agricultural land;
3. There is consent;
4. The purpose is agricultural production;
5. There is personal cultivation; and
6. There is sharing of harvests.
The absence of any of these requisites does not make an occupant a cultivator, or a planter, a de jure tenant.Consequently, a person who is not a de jure tenant is not entitled to security of tenure nor covered by the land reform program of the government under any existing tenancy laws.
In this case, we hold that no tenancy relationship exists between DNTDC, as the owner of the property, and the respondents, as the purported tenants; the second essential requisite as outlined above the subject is agricultural land is lacking. To recall, the property had already been reclassified as non-agricultural land. Accordingly, the respondents are not de jure tenants and are, therefore, not entitled to the benefits granted to agricultural lessees under the provisions of P.D. No. 27, in relation to R.A. No. 6657.
We note that the respondents, through their predecessors-in-interest, had been tenants of Eugenio as early as 1965. Under Section 7 of R.A. No. 3844, once the leasehold relation is established, the agricultural lessee is entitled to security of tenure and acquires the right to continue working on the landholding. Section 10 of this Act further strengthens such tenurial security by declaring that the mere expiration of the term or period in a leasehold contract, or the sale, alienation or transfer of the legal possession of the landholding shall not extinguish the leasehold relation; and in case of sale or transfer, the purchaser or transferee is subrogated to the rights and obligations of the landowner/lessor. By the provisions of Section 10, mere expiration of the five-year term on the respondents lease contract could not have caused the termination of any tenancy relationship that may have existed between the respondents and Eugenio.
Still, however, we cannot agree with the position that the respondents are the tenants of DNTDC. This is because, despite the guaranty, R.A. No. 3844 also enumerates the instances that put an end to the lessees protected tenurial rights. Under Section 7 of R.A. No. 3844, the right of the agricultural lessee to continue working on the landholding ceases when the leasehold relation is extinguished or when the lessee is lawfully ejected from the landholding. Section 8 enumerates the causes that terminate a relationship, while Section 36 enumerates the grounds for dispossessing the agricultural lessee of the landholding.
Notably, under Section 36(1) of R.A. No. 3844, as amended by Section 7 of R.A. No. 6389, declaration by the department head, upon recommendation of the National Planning Commission, to be suited for residential, commercial, industrial or some other urban purposes, terminates the right of the agricultural lessee to continue in its possession and enjoyment. The approval of the conversion, however, is not limited to the authority of the DAR or the courts. In the case of Pasong Bayabas Farmers Asso., Inc. v. Court of Appeals,and again in Junio v. Secretary Garilao, the Court essentially explained that the reclassification and conversion of agricultural lands to non-agricultural uses prior to the effectivity of R.A. No. 6657, on June 15, 1988, was a coordinated effort of several government agencies, such as local government units and the HSRC.
In effect, therefore, whether the leasehold relationship between the respondents and Eugenio had been established by virtue of the provisions of R.A. No. 3844 or of the five-year lease contract executed in 1981, this leasehold relationship had been terminated with the reclassification of the property as non- agricultural land in 1982. The expiration the five-year lease contract in 1986 could not have done more than simply finally terminate any leasehold relationship that may have prevailed under the terms of that contract. Consequently, when the DNTDC purchased the property in 1995, there was no longer any tenancy relationship that could have subrogated the DNTDC to the rights and obligations of the previous owner. We, therefore, disagree with the findings of the CA, as it affirmed the DARAB that a tenancy relationship exists between DNTDC and the respondents.
CIVIL LAW: contracts will not bind persons who are not parties to it
The respondents argue that the compromise agreement of Demetrio Ehara, Jr., Reynaldo and Liza entered into with DNTDC on November 29, 2001 and approved by the RTC on December 7, 2001 does not and cannot bind them as they are different from the former. We agree for two plain reasons.
First, the respondents position on this matter finds support in logic. Indeed, as the respondents have well pointed out and contrary to DNTDCs position, this similarity in their last names or familial relationship cannot automatically bind the respondents to any undertaking that their children in the RTC case had agreed to. This is because DNTDC has not shown that the respondents had expressly or impliedly acquiesced to their children's undertaking; that the respondents had authorized the latter to bind them in the compromise agreement; or that the respondents' cause of action in the instant case arose from or depended on those of their children in the cases before the MTCC and the RTC. Moreover, the respondents' children and DNTDC executed the compromise agreement in the RTC case with the view of settling the controversy concerning only the issue of physical possession over the disputed 2.5574-hectare portion subject of the ejectment case before the MTCC.
And second, the issues involved in the cases before the MTCC and the RTC are different from the issues involved in the present case. In the ejectment case before the MTCC, the sole issue was possession de Jure,while in the prohibition case before the RTC, the issue was the propriety of the execution of the decision of the MTCC in the ejectment case. In contrast, the issues in the present controversy that originated from the PARAD boil down to the respondents' averred rights, as tenants of the property.
With these considerations, therefore, whatever decision that the MTCC in the ejectment case arrived at, which was limited to possession de Jure of the disputed 2.5574-hectare portion of the property, could not haveaffected any right that the respondents may have had, as tenants, over the property. Consequently, any agreement that the respondents' children had entered into in the RTC case could not have bound the respondents in the present controversy as the respondents' claim over the property and their alleged right to continue in its possession clearly go beyond mere possession de Jure, whether of the 2.5574-hectare portion of the property that was subject of the ejectment case before the MTCC or of the entire property in the present case.
DAVAO NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Petitioner, v . SPOUSES GLORIA ESPINO SALIGA AND CESAR SALIGA, AND SPOUSES DEMETRIO EHARA AND ROBERTA EHARA, Respondents
BRION, J.:
FACTS:
At the root of the present controversy are two parcels of land in Catalunan Peque, Davao City and originally registered in the name of Atty. Eugenio Mendiola (deceased).
On February 5, 1998, the respondents - spouses Gloria Espino Saliga and Cesar Saliga and spouses Demetrio Ehara and Roberta Sugue Ehara filed before the Office of the PARAD in Davao City a complaint for injunction, cancellation of titles and damages against DNTDC. They amended this complaint on February 13, 1998.
In their complaint and amended complaint, the respondents claimed that they and their parents, from whom they took over the cultivation of the landholding, had been tenants of the property as early as 1965. On August 12, 1981, the respondents and Eugenio executed a five-year lease contract. While they made stipulations regarding their respective rights and obligations over the landholding, the respondents claimed that the instrument was actually a device Eugenio used to evade the land reform law. The respondents also argued that pursuant to the provisions of Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 27, they, as tenants, were deemed owners of the property beginning October 21, 1972 (the Acts effectivity date); thus, the subsequent transfer of the property to DNTDC was not valid.
In its answer, DNTDC alleged in defense that it purchased the property in good faith from the previous owners (Paz M. Flores and Elizabeth M. Nepumuceno) in 1995. At that time, the alleged tenancy relationship between the respondents and Eugenio had already expired following the expiration of their lease contracts in 1986. DNTDC also claimed that prior to the sale, the Davao City Office of the Zoning Administrator confirmed that the property was not classified as agricultural; it pointed out that the affidavit of non-tenancy executed by the vendors affirmed the absence of any recognized agricultural lessees on the property. DNTDC added that the property had already been classified to be within an urban/urbanizing zone in the 1979-2000 Comprehensive Land Use Plan for Davao City that was duly adopted by the City Council of Davao City and approved by the Human Settlement Regulatory Commission (HSRC) (now the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board [HLURB]).
In its decision of July 6, 1998, the PARAD ordered the DNTDC to pay the spouses disturbance compensation and a small lot allocation. While the PARAD conceded that the respondents were tenants of the property, it nevertheless ruled that the property had already been reclassified from agricultural to non-agricultural uses prior to June 15, 1988, the date when Republic Act (R.A.) No. 6657 (the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988) took effect. Thus, since R.A. No. 6657 covers only agricultural lands, the property fell outside its coverage.
The respondents appealed the case to the DARAB.
Pending resolution of the appeal before the DARAB, DNTDC filed before the Municipal Trial Court in Cities(MTCC) of Davao City a complaint for unlawful detainer against Demetrio Ehara, Jr., Reynaldo Saliga and Liza Saliga, the children of respondent spouses Ehara and spouses Saliga. DNTDC claimed that it owned the 2.5574-hectare portion of the property which the respondents children had been occupying by its mere tolerance. Despite its repeated demands, the respondents children refused to vacate and continued to illegally occupy it.
In their answer, the respondents children raised the issue of lack of jurisdiction, arguing that the case involved an agrarian dispute. They contended that the law considers them immediate members of the farm household, to whom R.A. No. 3844 and R.A. No. 6657 extend tenurial security. Thus, they claimed that they, as tenants, were entitled to continue occupying the disputed portion.
On December 20, 2000, the MTCC rendered its decision granting the DNTDCs complaint and ordering the respondents children to vacate the 2.5574-hectare portion of the property. The MTCC ruled that the respondents children were not tenants of the property because they failed to prove that their stay on the premises was by virtue of a tenancy agreement and because they had been occupying portions different from their parents landholding. The MTCC also ruled that the 2.5574- hectare portion was no longer agricultural and was thus removed from the coverage of R.A. No. 6657.
The respondent children filed before the RTC a petition for Prohibition against DNTDC to enjoin the execution of the MTCC decision. They repeated the defenses and allegations in their pleading before the MTCC.
On November 29, 2001, the respondents children and DNTDC entered into a compromise agreement. The respondents children undertook to voluntarily and peacefully vacate the 2.5574 -hectare portion of the property and to remove and demolish their respective houses built on its premises, while DNTDC agreed to give each of them the amount of ₱20,000.00 as financial assistance The RTC approved the compromiseagreement in its December 7, 2001 decision.
In its decision of January 12, 2001, the DARAB reversed and set aside the PARADs ruling. The DARAB ordered DNTDC and all persons acting in its behalf to respect and maintain the respondents in the peaceful possession and cultivation of the property, and the Municipal Agrarian Reform Officer (MARO) to enjoin the DNTDC from disturbing and/or molesting the respondents in their peaceful possession and cultivation of it.
As the PARAD did, the DARAB declared that a tenancy relationship existed between Eugenio and the respondents, which was not extinguished by the expiration of the five-year term stated in their lease contracts. Thus, when DNTDC purchased the property, it had been subrogated to the rights and obligations of the previous landowner pursuant to the provisions of R.A. No. 3844.
Unlike the PARAD, however, the DARAB was not convinced that the property had already been reclassified to non-agricultural uses so as to remove it from the coverage of R.A. No. 6657. With Administrative Order No. 5, series of 1994 as basis, the DARAB held that the alleged reclassification of the property did not and could not have divested the respondents of their rights as deemed owners under P.D. No. 27. The DARAB also pointed out that while Davao City Ordinance No. 363, series of 1982 (adopting the Comprehensive Development Plan of Davao City), reclassified the property to be within the urban/urbanizing zone, the DNTDC did not submit the required certifications from the HLURB, adopting the zoning ordinance, and from the DAR, approving the conversion to make the reclassification valid.
When the DARAB denied the DNTDCs motion for reconsideration in its August 28, 2003 resolution, the DNTDC elevated the case to the CA via a petition for review.
In its March 28, 2006 decision, the CA affirmed the DARAB decision. The CA similarly declared that the tenancy relationship established between the respondents and Eugenio was not extinguished by the expiration of the five-year term of their lease contracts or by the subsequent transfer of the property to DNTDC. The CA noted that both the DARAB and the PARAD arrived at the same findings and that the DNTDC impliedly admitted in its pleadings the existence of the tenancy relationship.
The CA was also convinced that the property was still agricultural and was, therefore, covered by R.A. No. 6657. While the CA conceded that the conversion of the use of lands that had been reclassified as residential, commercial or industrial, prior to the effectivity of R.A. No. 6657, no longer requires the DARs approval, the CA pointed out that the landowner must first comply with certain pre-conditions for exemption and/or conversion. Among other requirements, the landowner must secure an exemption clearance from the DAR. This exemption clearance shall be issued after the landowner files the certifications issued by the deputized zoning administrator, stating that the land had been reclassified, and by the HLURB, stating that it had approved the pertinent zoning ordinance, with both the reclassification and the approval carried out prior to June 15, 1988.
In this case, the CA held that DNTDC failed to secure and present any exemption clearance. The CA also pointed out that: (1) Davao City Ordinance No. 363, series of 1982, adopting the Comprehensive Development Plan of Davao City did not substantially show that it had reclassified the property from agricultural to non-agricultural uses; (2) DNTDC failed to submit during the proceedings before the PARAD and the DARAB the HLURB certification allegedly approving Davao City Ordinance No. 363, series of 1982; (3) while DNTDC attached to its motion for reconsideration of the DARABs decision a certification from the HLURB stating that by resolution (Resolution No. R-39 -4) dated July 31, 1980, it approved the Comprehensive Development Plan, yet at the time of the alleged HLURB approval, the pertinent zoning ordinance - Davao City Ordinance No. 363, series of 1982 - adopting such plan had not yet been enacted; and (4) the HLURB certification that DNTDC presented referred to a parcel of land subject of another case.
DNTDC filed the present petition after the CA denied its motion for reconsideration in the CAs September 5, 2006 resolution. Hence, the present petition.
ISSUES:
1. Whether or not the property had been reclassified from agricultural to non- agricultural uses prior to June 15, 1988 so as to remove it from the coverage of R.A. No. 6657?
2. Whether or not an agricultural leasehold or tenancy relationship exists between DNTDC and the respondents?
3. Whether or not the compromise agreement signed by the respondents children in the RTC case binds the respondents?
HELD: Court of Appeals decision is reversed.
REMEDIAL LAW: questions allowed in a Rule 45 petition
At the outset, we reiterate the settled rule that only questions of law may be raised in a petition for review oncertiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court. Questions of facts are not allowed in a Rule 45 petition because this Court is not a trier of facts. The Court generally accords respect, if not finality, to the factual findings of quasi-judicial bodies, among them is the DARAB, as these bodies are deemed experts in their respective fields. The question of the existence of a tenancy relationship intertwined with the question of reclassification requires for its resolution a review of the factual findings of the agricultural tribunals and of the CA. These are questions we cannot generally touch in a Rule 45 petition.
Nevertheless, the case also presents a legal question as the issue of tenancy relationship is both factual and legal. Moreover, the findings of the PARAD conflict with those of the DARAB. These circumstances impel us to disregard the above general rule and to address both the presented factual and legal issues in view of their social justice implications and the duty to do justice that this Court has sworn to uphold.
CIVIL LAW: classification of property under RA 6657
At the core of the controversy is the questioned reclassification of the property to non-agricultural uses. This issue is intertwined with and on which depends the resolution of the issue concerning the claimed agricultural leasehold relationship.
We hold that the property had been reclassified to non-agricultural uses and was, therefore, already outside the coverage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) after it took effect on July 15, 1988.
Also, there is the power of the local government units to reclassify lands from agricultural to non-agricultural uses; the DAR approval is not required.
Indubitably, the City Council of Davao City has the authority to adopt zoning resolutions and ordinances. Under Section 3 of R.A. No. 2264 (the then governing Local Government Code), municipal and/or city officials are specifically empowered to adopt zoning and subdivision ordinances or regulations in consultation with the National Planning Commission.
In Pasong Bayabas Farmers Asso., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, the Court held that this power of the local government units to reclassify or convert lands to non-agricultural uses is not subject to the approval of the DAR. There, the Court affirmed the authority of the Municipal Council of Carmona to issue a zoning classification and to reclassify the property in dispute from agricultural to residential through the CouncilsKapasiyahang Bilang, as approved by the HSRC.
In the subsequent case of Junio v. Secretary Garilao , this Court clarified, once and for all, that with respect to areas classified and identified as zonal areas not for agricultural uses, like those approved by the HSRC before the effectivity of RA 6657 on June 15, 1988, the DARs clearance is no longer necessary for conversion. The Court in that case declared the disputed landholding as validly reclassified from agricultural to residential pursuant to Resolution No. 5153-A of the City Council of Bacolod.
Citing the cases of Pasong Bayabas Farmers Asso., Inc. and Junio, this Court arrived at significantly similar ruling in the case of Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Association (ARBA) v. Nicolas.
Based on these considerations, we hold that the property had been validly reclassified as non-agricultural land prior to June 15, 1988. We note the following facts established in the records that support this conclusion such as the comprehensive land use plan passed through a board resolution in 1980.
We note that while the DNTDC attached, to its motion for reconsideration of the DARABs decision, the May 2, 1996 certification of the HLURB, both the DARAB and the CA simply brushed this aside on technicality. The CA reasoned that the certificate was belatedly presented and that it referred to a parcel of lot subject of another case, albeit, similarly involving DNTDC, as one of the parties, and property located within the same district.
We cannot support this position of the CA for the following reasons: first, while, generally, evidence submitted past the presentation- of-evidence stage is no longer admissible and should be disregarded for reasons of fairness, strict application of this general rule may be relaxed. By way of exception, we relax the application of the rules when, as here, the merits of the case call for, and the governing rules of procedure explicitly command, a relaxation. Under Section 3, Rule I of the 1994 DARAB New Rules of Procedure (the governing DARAB rules), the DARAB shall not be bound by technical rules of procedure and evidence provided under the Rules of Court, which shall not apply even in a suppletory character, and shall employ all reasonable means to ascertain facts of every case.
Time and again, this Court has held that rules of procedure ought not to be applied in a very rigid, technical sense, for they are adopted to help secure, not override, substantial justice. Thus, while DNTDC, in this case, attached the May 2, 1996 HLURB certification only in its motion for reconsideration, the DARAB should have considered it, especially in the light of the various documents that DNTDC presented to support its position that the property had already been reclassified as non-agricultural land prior to June 15, 1988.
And second, granting arguendo that the May 2, 1996 HLURB certification was issued in relation to another case that involved a different parcel of land, it is not without value. The clear-cut declarations of the HLURB in the certification, which the DARAB and the CA should have considered and which we find sufficiently convincing, show that Catalunan Peque (where the property lies) is classified as within the urbanizing district centers of Davao City. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the May 2, 1996 HLURB certification satisfied the purpose of this requirement, which is to establish by sufficient evidence the propertys reclassification as non-agricultural land prior to June 15, 1988.
Considering that the property is no longer agricultural as of June 15, 1988, it is removed from the operation of R.A. No. 6657. By express provision, the CARL covers only those public or private lands devoted or suitable for agriculture, the operative word being agricultural. Under Section 3(c) of R.A. No. 6657, agricultural lands refer to lands devoted to agricultural activity and not otherwise classified as mineral, forest, residential, commercial, or industrial land. In its Administrative Order No. 1, series of 1990, the DAR further explained the term agricultural lands as referring to those devoted to agricultural activity as defined in R.A. 6657 and x x x not classified in town plans and zoning ordinances as approved by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) and its preceding competent authorities prior to 15 June 1988 for residential, commercial or industrial use. If only to emphasize, we reiterate - only those parcels of land specifically classified as agricultural are covered by the CARL; any parcel of land otherwise classified is beyond its ambit.
CIVIL LAW: requisites to own land under P.D. 27
Under P.D. No. 27, tenant-farmers of rice and corn agricultural lands are deemed owners of the land that they till as of October 21, 1972. Under these terms, vested rights cannot simply be taken away by the expedience of adopting zoning plans and ordinances reclassifying an agricultural land to an urban/urbanizing area.
We need to clarify, however, that while tenant farmers of rice and corn lands are deemed owners as of October 21, 1972 following the provisions of P.D. No. 27, this policy should not be interpreted as automatically vesting in them absolute ownership over their respective tillage. The tenant-farmers must still first comply with the requisite preconditions, i.e., payment of just compensation and perfection of title before acquisition of full ownership.
In Del Castillo v. Orciga, the Court explained that land transfer under P.D. No. 27 is effected in two (2) stages: first, the issuance of a certificate of land transfer (CLT); and second, the issuance of an emancipation patent (EP). The first stage - issuance of the CLT - serves as the governments recognition of the tenant farmers inchoate right as deemed owners of the land that they till. The second stage issuance of the EP perfects the title of the tenant farmers and vests in them absolute ownership upon full compliance with the prescribed requirements. As a preliminary step, therefore, the CLT immediately serves as the tangible evidence of the governments recognition of the tenant farmers inchoate right and of the subjection of the particular landholding to the governments OLT program.
In this case, the record does not show that the respondents had been issued CLTs. The CLT could have been their best evidence of the governments recognition of their inchoate right as deemed owners of the property. Consequently, this Court can safely conclude that no CLTs had ever been issued to the respondents and that the government never recognized any inchoate right on the part of the respondents as deemed owners of the property. In effect, therefore, no vested rights under P.D. No. 27, in relation to R.A. No. 6657, accrued to the respondents such that when the property was reclassified prior to June 15, 1988, it did not fall, by clear legal recognition within the coverage of R.A. No. 6657.
Interestingly, the contract of lease executed between Eugenio and the respondents shows that the property was primarily planted with coconut and coffee trees and, secondarily with several fruit-bearing trees. By its explicit terms, P.D. No. 27 applies only to private agricultural lands primarily devoted to rice and corn production. Thus, the property could never have been covered by P.D. No. 27 as it was not classified as rice and corn land.
For these reasons, we hold that the property is no longer agricultural and that the CA erred when it affirmed the DARABs ruling that the property notwithstanding the various documents that unquestionably established the contrary was agricultural .
CIVIL LAW: tenancy relationship requisites/ no tenancy in non-agricultural land
In Solmayor v. Arroyo, the Court outlined the essential requisites of a tenancy relationship, all of which must concur for the relationship to exist, namely:
1. The parties are the landowner and the tenant;
2. The subject is agricultural land;
3. There is consent;
4. The purpose is agricultural production;
5. There is personal cultivation; and
6. There is sharing of harvests.
The absence of any of these requisites does not make an occupant a cultivator, or a planter, a de jure tenant.Consequently, a person who is not a de jure tenant is not entitled to security of tenure nor covered by the land reform program of the government under any existing tenancy laws.
In this case, we hold that no tenancy relationship exists between DNTDC, as the owner of the property, and the respondents, as the purported tenants; the second essential requisite as outlined above the subject is agricultural land is lacking. To recall, the property had already been reclassified as non-agricultural land. Accordingly, the respondents are not de jure tenants and are, therefore, not entitled to the benefits granted to agricultural lessees under the provisions of P.D. No. 27, in relation to R.A. No. 6657.
We note that the respondents, through their predecessors-in-interest, had been tenants of Eugenio as early as 1965. Under Section 7 of R.A. No. 3844, once the leasehold relation is established, the agricultural lessee is entitled to security of tenure and acquires the right to continue working on the landholding. Section 10 of this Act further strengthens such tenurial security by declaring that the mere expiration of the term or period in a leasehold contract, or the sale, alienation or transfer of the legal possession of the landholding shall not extinguish the leasehold relation; and in case of sale or transfer, the purchaser or transferee is subrogated to the rights and obligations of the landowner/lessor. By the provisions of Section 10, mere expiration of the five-year term on the respondents lease contract could not have caused the termination of any tenancy relationship that may have existed between the respondents and Eugenio.
Still, however, we cannot agree with the position that the respondents are the tenants of DNTDC. This is because, despite the guaranty, R.A. No. 3844 also enumerates the instances that put an end to the lessees protected tenurial rights. Under Section 7 of R.A. No. 3844, the right of the agricultural lessee to continue working on the landholding ceases when the leasehold relation is extinguished or when the lessee is lawfully ejected from the landholding. Section 8 enumerates the causes that terminate a relationship, while Section 36 enumerates the grounds for dispossessing the agricultural lessee of the landholding.
Notably, under Section 36(1) of R.A. No. 3844, as amended by Section 7 of R.A. No. 6389, declaration by the department head, upon recommendation of the National Planning Commission, to be suited for residential, commercial, industrial or some other urban purposes, terminates the right of the agricultural lessee to continue in its possession and enjoyment. The approval of the conversion, however, is not limited to the authority of the DAR or the courts. In the case of Pasong Bayabas Farmers Asso., Inc. v. Court of Appeals,and again in Junio v. Secretary Garilao, the Court essentially explained that the reclassification and conversion of agricultural lands to non-agricultural uses prior to the effectivity of R.A. No. 6657, on June 15, 1988, was a coordinated effort of several government agencies, such as local government units and the HSRC.
In effect, therefore, whether the leasehold relationship between the respondents and Eugenio had been established by virtue of the provisions of R.A. No. 3844 or of the five-year lease contract executed in 1981, this leasehold relationship had been terminated with the reclassification of the property as non- agricultural land in 1982. The expiration the five-year lease contract in 1986 could not have done more than simply finally terminate any leasehold relationship that may have prevailed under the terms of that contract. Consequently, when the DNTDC purchased the property in 1995, there was no longer any tenancy relationship that could have subrogated the DNTDC to the rights and obligations of the previous owner. We, therefore, disagree with the findings of the CA, as it affirmed the DARAB that a tenancy relationship exists between DNTDC and the respondents.
CIVIL LAW: contracts will not bind persons who are not parties to it
The respondents argue that the compromise agreement of Demetrio Ehara, Jr., Reynaldo and Liza entered into with DNTDC on November 29, 2001 and approved by the RTC on December 7, 2001 does not and cannot bind them as they are different from the former. We agree for two plain reasons.
First, the respondents position on this matter finds support in logic. Indeed, as the respondents have well pointed out and contrary to DNTDCs position, this similarity in their last names or familial relationship cannot automatically bind the respondents to any undertaking that their children in the RTC case had agreed to. This is because DNTDC has not shown that the respondents had expressly or impliedly acquiesced to their children's undertaking; that the respondents had authorized the latter to bind them in the compromise agreement; or that the respondents' cause of action in the instant case arose from or depended on those of their children in the cases before the MTCC and the RTC. Moreover, the respondents' children and DNTDC executed the compromise agreement in the RTC case with the view of settling the controversy concerning only the issue of physical possession over the disputed 2.5574-hectare portion subject of the ejectment case before the MTCC.
And second, the issues involved in the cases before the MTCC and the RTC are different from the issues involved in the present case. In the ejectment case before the MTCC, the sole issue was possession de Jure,while in the prohibition case before the RTC, the issue was the propriety of the execution of the decision of the MTCC in the ejectment case. In contrast, the issues in the present controversy that originated from the PARAD boil down to the respondents' averred rights, as tenants of the property.
With these considerations, therefore, whatever decision that the MTCC in the ejectment case arrived at, which was limited to possession de Jure of the disputed 2.5574-hectare portion of the property, could not haveaffected any right that the respondents may have had, as tenants, over the property. Consequently, any agreement that the respondents' children had entered into in the RTC case could not have bound the respondents in the present controversy as the respondents' claim over the property and their alleged right to continue in its possession clearly go beyond mere possession de Jure, whether of the 2.5574-hectare portion of the property that was subject of the ejectment case before the MTCC or of the entire property in the present case.
